“Variations also act as purges. Small forest fires periodically cleanse the system of the most flammable material, so this does not have the opportunity to accumulate. Systematically preventing forest fires from taking place “to be safe” makes the big one
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“Man-made complex systems tend to develop cascades and runaway chains of reactions that decrease, even eliminate, predictability and cause outsized events. So the modern world may be increasing in technological knowledge, but, paradoxically, it is making things a lot more
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“Layers of redundancy are the central risk management property of natural systems. We humans have two kidneys (this may even include accountants extra spare parts, and extra capacity in many, many things (say, lungs, neural system, arterial apparatus), while human design
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